Contratto indeterminato a “tutele crescenti” – Ma chi tutela realmente?
Il 7 marzo 2015 è entrato in vigore il Decreto legislativo n. 23/2015, attuativo del c.d. Jobs Act (Legge n. 183 del 2014), riguardante il “contratto di lavoro a tempo indeterminato a tutele crescenti” (C.T.C.).
A dispetto del nome, il decreto in parola non introduce una nuova tipologia contrattuale , bensì un nuovo regime sanzionatorio per le ipotesi di licenziamento illegittimo, destinato a sostituire la disciplina prevista dall’art. 18 della Legge n. 300 del 1970 (c.d. Statuto dei Lavoratori).
Rispetto alle tutele offerte dall’art. 18, peraltro già fortemente depotenziate dalla riforma del 2012 (c.d. Legge Fornero) – che, com’è noto, ha introdotto quattro diversi regimi di tutela, graduati in base al tipo di vizio che affligge il licenziamento –, la nuova disciplina restringe ulteriormente le ipotesi di reintegrazione del lavoratore, individuando nel pagamento di un’indennità risarcitoria la sanzione principale applicabile in caso di licenziamento illegittimo.
Quindi, tutti i lavoratori assunti dal 7 marzo 2015 con contratto a tempo indeterminato firmano il nuovo contratto a tutele crescenti che è di fatto un contratto a tempo indeterminato con alcuni cambiamenti sostanziali sulle norme sul licenziamento.
Nello specifico:
Il lavoratore di un’azienda non ha diritto al reintegro in caso di licenziamento illegittimo, ma solo a un indennizzo di natura economica che cresce con l’anzianità di servizio (da qui il termine “a tutele crescenti”). L’unica eccezione è costituita dal caso di licenziamento discriminatorio, nullo o inefficace.
I lavoratori assunti con il vecchio contratto a tempo indeterminato continuano a godere degli stessi diritti di prima, senza alcuna modifica (per loro continua a vale l’articolo 18 e quindi il diritto alla reintegrazione.
A CHI SI APPLICA IL CONTRATTO INDETERMINATO A TUTELE CRESCENTI?
Il contratto a tutele crescenti si applica solo ed esclusivamente ai dipendenti in possesso dei seguenti requisiti:
- Neoassunti: a tempo indeterminato a partire dal 7 marzo 2015, oppure lavoratori che vengono assunti a tempo indeterminato a seguito di conversione di contratto a tempo determinato o di apprendistato;
- Operai, impiegati oppure quadri.
Le nuove regole non sono invece valide per i dirigenti.
COME FUNZIONA?
Prima, in caso di licenziamento illegittimo, il lavoratore aveva sempre diritto a essere reintegrato in azienda.
Ora, inceve, il diritto alla reintegrazione è previsto tassativamente solo in caso di licenziamento (articolo 2 del Jobs Act):
- Discriminatorio: ossia per motivi religiosi, politici, di razza, sesso, età, per partecipazione ad attività sindacali;
- Nullo: ossia inflitto durante i periodi di tutela (durante il primo anno di matrimonio, durante la gravidanza e fino a un anno di età del figlio, durante la fruizione dei congedi parentali);
- Per motivo illecito: come sancito dall’art. 1345 c.c.;
- Intimato: in sola forma orale (inefficace);
- In difetto di giustificazione: per motivo che richiami la disabilità fisica o psichica del dipendente.
Nello specifico, con il contratto a tutele crescenti si ha diritto a un’indennità di risarcimento pari alla busta paga che avrebbe dovuto percepire dal giorno del licenziamento fino al giorno del reintegro, somma diminuita delle eventuali altre attività svolte durante questo periodo.
Per il suddetto periodo l’azienda deve provvedere anche a versare i relativi contributi previdenziali.
Qualora questa pubblicazione ti sia risultata utile e gradita, per rimanere sempre aggiornato iscriviti gratuitamente alla newsletter settimanale oppure seguici sui social network (facebook ).
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