Data certa sui documenti: quali sono i metodi per ottenerla?
COS’E’ LA DATA CERTA?
La data certa è uno strumento che permette di dimostrare giuridicamente che un dato documento è stato con certezza formato o comunque sussisteva a una determinata data. Essa risulta spesso necessaria a fini probatori, chiaramente solo con riferimento ai casi in cui le firme apposte sul documento non sono state autenticate.
LA NORMATIVA SULLA DATA CERTA
Nel dettaglio, è l’articolo 2704 del codice civile che afferma che la data della scrittura privata la cui sottoscrizione non sia stata autenticata non è in generale certa e computabile riguardo ai terzi.
Essa lo diviene, infatti, solo in determinati casi, ovverosia, innanzitutto, dal giorno in cui lascrittura è stata registrata o da quello della morte o della sopravvenuta impossibilità fisica del sottoscrittore.
La certezza di un documento nei confronti dei terzi può subentrare poi il giorno in cui il contenuto della scrittura è riprodotto in atti pubblici o da quello in cui si verifica un altro fatto che stabilisca in modo egualmente certo l’anteriorità della formazione del documento.
Esistono diversi metodi ai quali si può ricorrere per ottenere la data certa su un documento. In questo articolo vi indicheremo alcuni dei più comuni.
PEC
La posta elettronica certificata garantisce la data certa. Quindi, se volete apporre la data certa ad una comunicazione potete spedirla via PEC a voi stessi oppure ad un altro account di posta elettronica certificata.
Il consiglio è quello di apporre nel corpo dell’email certificata il testo del documento e di non limitarvi a spedire solo l’allegato. Questo per evitare possibili contestazioni in merito al contenuto stesso dell’allegato, che dalla ricevuta generata dal Gestore non può essere evinto.
Una volta effettuato l’invio, dovete conservare le due mail certificate inviatevi dal gestore, con cui si certifica l’avvenuta presa in consegna del messaggio e il suo recapito: sono queste che infatti certificano la data certa del documento spedito. Inoltre, è importante che il documento venga spedito ad un account di posta elettronica certificata (da PEC a PEC), altrimenti, il sistema non genererà la mail di avvenuta consegna.
Vantaggi: è un servizio gratuito, facile, immediato, non richiede la necessità di alzarsi dalla propria scrivania.
Svantaggi: è necessario che il mittente e il destinatario abbiano un indirizzo PEC. Bisogna inoltre essere ordinati nella conservazione delle due ricevute generate dal gestore e non limitarsi a stamparle su carta. Questo perché la stampa è un supporto analogico, una riproduzione meccanica facilmente contestabile perché alterabile: è quindi importante conservare le due email in una cartella del computer ed effettuare il backup.
MARCA TEMPORALE
Se, invece, siete amanti del digitale, potete optare per l’acquisto di una marca temporale. La marca temporale è il servizio a pagamento fornito dai certificatori accreditati che consente, attraverso una procedura informatica, di apporre una marca virtuale su un documento informatico associando ad esso una data ed un’ora certe e legalmente valide. Per apporre una marca temporale ad un documento non è necessario essere dotati della firma digitale. Attenzione, però, a non confondere la marca temporale con la marca da bollo che si acquista presso i tabacchini. Quest’ultima di per sé non è sufficiente a fornire di data certa un documento in quanto potrebbe essere acquistata anche in un momento anteriore rispetto a quello della sua apposizione.
Vantaggi: è un sistema certo.
Svantaggi: richiede un apposito servizio che potrebbe essere a pagamento e, in più, necessita di una certa praticità con gli strumenti telematici.
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